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d.write("var wordMap = new Array(\" this support site physics students barnard castle school here will find materials information resources need help with whichever course currently studying pop-up links each found above there also many other sections keep latest developments physics courses offer universities your exam timetables department's departments movie club lots more just click pictures below latest updates library additions additions page don't dont forget reserve books online using help audio pages being added myphysicsweb revision download audio notes which format ipod listen them again page icon take downloads then just follow instructions there more time checking back pages \",\" latest projects praesent nisl tortor laoreet dapibus quis egestas mauris sociis natoque penatibus magnis parturient montes nascetur ridiculus nullam eleifend pharetra felis mauris nibh velit tristique lacinia scelerisque ante donec viverra nulla phasellus magna customer support nulla proin pede ligula facilisis gravida purus etiam sapien duis diam urna iaculis vehicula varius amet aliquam erat volutpat integer fringilla lobortis quam suscipit \",\" help with your physics have physics problem that need help with? stuck prep? there some aspect would like know more about? book reference? form below send question member department will back soon possible contact information barnard castle school newgate county durham dl12 telephone 01833 696027 email barneyschool science students only myphysics 638985 name house e-mail address question comment \",\" nulla vestibulum eleifend nulla suspendisse potenti aliquam turpis nisi venenatis accumsan imperdiet laoreet lacus purus mattis eget fermentum congue tortor aenean nibh nullam hendrerit viverra dolor vestibulum fringilla lectus malesuada enim adipiscing ligula bibendum cras risus varius feugiat faucibus vitae massa nunc gravida nonummy felis etiam suscipit amet sodales neque erat porttitor rutrum quis proin pede facilisis phasellus sapien duis diam urna iaculis vehicula donec nisl volutpat integer lobortis quam magna consequat libero ante quisque commodo tellus lorem morbi consectetuer mauris odio euismod lorem ipsum elit eros dignissim convallis augue primis orci luctus ultrices posuere cubilia curae aliquam tempus interdum tristique porta nunc pellentesque metus tincidunt queries please contact enquiries constructioncompany privacy policy \",\" nulla vestibulum eleifend nulla suspendisse potenti aliquam turpis nisi venenatis accumsan imperdiet laoreet lacus purus mattis eget fermentum congue tortor aenean nibh nullam hendrerit viverra dolor vestibulum fringilla lectus malesuada enim adipiscing ligula bibendum cras risus varius feugiat faucibus vitae massa nunc gravida nonummy felis etiam suscipit amet sodales neque erat porttitor rutrum quis proin pede facilisis phasellus sapien duis diam urna iaculis vehicula donec nisl volutpat integer lobortis quam magna consequat libero ante quisque commodo tellus lorem morbi consectetuer mauris odio euismod lorem ipsum elit eros dignissim convallis augue primis orci luctus ultrices posuere cubilia curae aliquam tempus interdum tristique porta nunc pellentesque metus tincidunt terms \",\" click pictures below page require cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material \",\" click thumbnail sheet require front back each stored separately keep loading times minimum files large please patient clicking pages opposite will open copies your note sheets unlike printed these colour quality quite sharp them online reference have forgotten take home download print replace lost year quick summary sheets page front back blank \",\" click thumbnail sheet require front back each stored separately keep loading times minimum files large please patient clicking pages opposite will open copies your note sheets unlike printed these colour quality quite sharp them online reference have forgotten take home download print replace lost year quick summary sheets page front back \",\" click thumbnail sheet require front back each stored separately keep loading times minimum files large please patient clicking pages opposite will open copies your note sheets unlike printed these colour quality quite sharp them online reference have forgotten take home download print replace lost year quick summary sheets back page front \",\" resources pupils years quick summary sheets click pictures below page your course test yourself stay work trying these tests look answers until have year light word search electrical symbols magnetism answers current electricity electromagnetism electromagnetism reflection refraction electricity magnetism simple ammeter astronomy energy electromagnetic induction sound grid power stations turning moments night tides seasons paying earth beyond forces their effects speed velocity springs acceleration phases moon pressure thermal expansion motion graphs heat energy liquids falling drag conduction convection atmospheric pressure safety cars radiation transfer heat water tanks audio notes also download notes ipod mobile phone format listening regularly speed revision help exam time when preparing tests audio pages click buttons opposite \",\" resources pupils years quick summary sheets click pictures below page your course test yourself stay work trying these tests look answers until have year light word search electrical symbols magnetism answers current electricity electromagnetism electromagnetism reflection refraction electricity magnetism simple ammeter astronomy energy electromagnetic induction sound grid power stations turning moments night tides seasons paying earth beyond forces their effects speed velocity springs acceleration phases moon pressure thermal expansion motion graphs heat energy liquids falling drag conduction convection atmospheric pressure safety cars radiation transfer heat water tanks audio notes also download notes ipod mobile phone format listening regularly speed revision help exam time when preparing tests audio pages click buttons opposite \",\" click buttons below unit require cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material classical waves space time modern materials birth quantum secrets atom frogs' frogs legs power \",\" resources domestic gcse students past exam papers click buttons below selection past papers marking schemes your course page this page contains resources these include revision notes exam quick tests other useful materials links opposite select require january 2008 marking schemes foundation higher module energy thermal radiation conduction convection examples home heat loss from house vacuum flask paying electricity power stations work transmission methods generation efficiency sankey diagrams transformations universe electromagnetic spectrum infra-red microwaves microwave ovens mobile phones ultraviolet ozone layer sunscreen protection against information formula wave speed fibre optics analogue digital signals structure atom alpha particles beta gamma rays uses radioactive isotopes half life background bang doppler effect shift evidence types telescope revision questions notes below important topics will cover each module print these want make follow simply them help write they used together with guide just click topic additional physics distance time graphs velocity displacement equations uniform acceleration newton's newtons first motion second third vectors scalars safety road stopping distances thinking terminal friction drag cars kinetic momentum collisions change force rockets explosions answering questions about collisions dangers static detailed common circuit symbols ohm's ohms resistance connecting ammeters voltmeters current voltage series circuits parallel components amperes volts joules plugs fuses alternating electrical charge rutherford's rutherfords discovery nucleus nuclear fission thermonuclear fusion further turning moments centre mass stability satellite orbits gravitational attraction planetary solar system data plane mirrors curved drawing refraction prisms colour lens their focal length constructing converging lenses magnification single camera image mirror sound waves musical sounds shapes ultrasonic ultrasound motor electric induction generator transformer transformers national grid death stars supernovae heavy elements formation galaxies test yourself self-assessment parts lower sixth test before look answers answers laws falling potential forces conservation ammeter difference voltmeter difference heating cooling transfer radioactivity decay origin future circular gravitation reflection light difficult electromagnetism motors equation june \",\" resources international gcse students past exam papers click buttons below selection past papers marking schemes your course igcse test yourself self-assessment tests cover parts test before look answers year page this page contains resources these include revision cards exam quick other useful materials links opposite select from following past exam papers marking schemes model answers revision cards prep sheets test yourself june 2006 marking schemes paper november 2005 model answers cards stored individually occasionally separate sides link card require electricity magnetism front back forces energy motion pressure measurement waves rays electrons electronics thermal effects te10 te11 atomic physics radioactivity revision below copies which will given during year print these lose original need them prep have forgotten take notes home measurements units •answers instruments properties matter density floating static ammeter circuits electric components resistance series parallel home electrical power ohm's ohms potential difference current voltmeter voltmeters electromagnetism motors electromagnetic induction generation transformers transformer equation motion speed velocity acceleration graphs equations uniform speeding slowing down newton's newtons laws falling drag safety cars circular gravitation adding vectors liquids springs moments turning moments work kinetic sounds vibrations sound wave diffraction reflection refraction light more difficult questions snell's snells fibre optics theory gases expansion conduction convection radiation heating cooling heat transfer specific capacity immersion heaters electron beams oscilloscopes cathode oscilloscope logic gates atoms structure atom half life radioactive decay diffusion cloud chamber geiger müller tube prep sheets booklets yours booklet light electricity energy mechanics electromagnetism heat waves atomic physics electronics audio notes icon listen audio versions \",\" a-level resources click pictures below a-level resources require physics these pages will find resource bank sixth form students links opposite take where there note-sheets revision cards past exam papers marking schemes prep sheets quick tests other materials help with your course \",\" click buttons below unit require cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material newton's newtons clockwork universe time tide faraday's faradays field oersted's oersteds discovery einstein's einsteins revolution change chance arrow deeper nature reality measuring research investigation \",\" a-level this page contains resources lower sixth students these include revision cards past exam papers marking schemes prep sheets quick tests other useful materials links past exam papers click open versions unit paper task sheet marking scheme unit3x june 2009 will available from these january 2010 paper 2008 previous syllabus questions good practice exams 2007 revision cards below copies which given during year print lose your original need them have forgotten take notes home quanta answers quantum theory photoelectric effect physics resistor networks electrons basic electricity current charge internal resistance kirchoff's kirchoffs rules ohm's ohms potential divider resistivity series parallel circuits alternating currents test answers oscilloscope yourself questions vectors forces moments couples stability velocity acceleration speed basics motion graphs equations uniform projectiles worked example projectile inertia newton's newtons laws motion work energy power vehicle safety density elasticity wave properties diffraction interference refraction fibre optics practical sheets guide practical investigation circuses consult screen version sheet diffusion cloud chamber electron growth grain structure line emission spectrum resistors investigating dividers comparing photodiode phototransistor making accurate measurements measuring solar cell using strain gauge measure load electromagnetic pulse down coaxial cable powers different volt lamps liquid using pressure sensor modelling braking distance conservation momentum adding resolving hooke's hookes stiffness combinations springs acceleration gravity second water waves ripple tank light particle size relating phase difference path standing stretched string grating wavelength setting stationary microwaves back \",\" background unit light part electromagnetic spectrum collection waves which include visible light microwaves radio x-rays gamma rays late 1600s important questions were raised asking whether made particles isaac newton proposed theory that tiny called corpuscles 1678 dutch physicist christiaan huygens believed vibrating down right angles direction travels formulated visualising wave propagation this became known 'huygens' principle' principle successful three dimensions suggested peaks form surfaces like layers onion vacuum other uniform media spherical these advance spread they travel speed explains shining through hole slit will rather than going straight line diffraction newton's newtons came first better described early experiments huygens' principle lets predict where given wavefront future have knowledge present time some conducted presented unexplained phenomena could explain example phenomenon interference this favoured 1803 thomas young studied screen with fine closely-spaced slits emerging from spreads according eventually fronts overlap each placed point overlapping production dark fringes later 1815 augustin fresnel supported young's youngs mathematical calculations crucially also measured glass showed slower predicted whereas corpuscular would faster then dominated until beginning twentieth century download audio version your ipod mobile phone right-click icon select save target content unit learn about progressive longitudinal transverse polarization refraction phase difference multiple-source standing classical waves introductory powerpoint presentation must computer view just click picture refraction total internal reflection diffraction general single double grating resolving power polarization reflection scattering optical activity malus interference rings lloyd's lloyds mirror non-reflecting coatings thin films wedges wave motion motion superposition adding sine intensity amplitude operation dvds electromagnetic standing theories versus optics refractive index change fibre optics internal formation rainbows apparent depth swimming pool prisms worked examples loudspeaker answers properties properties test yourself questions resources notes \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material \",\" background unit what materials science? minds most people science physics chemistry biology these other divisions man-made nature does recognise imagine that lifting weight your acting lever apply force this movement actuated muscle fibres being shortened energy perform comes from process respiration each cell science interdisciplinary subject makes knowledge engineering increasingly medicine which special character there areas research development combine such wide base diverse practical commercial important world-wide engine economic prosperity application improved materials factors enabling remain internationally competitive industry depends critically employing graduates with right skills innovation developed collaboration universities simplest description what covers behave scales electrons supertankers interested improving performance existing designing fabricating higher forgot invent material solid make something useful sand beach computer chips nickel turbine blades engines carbon composites protect drivers formula racing cars appeals those wish limited single traditional enjoy approach want their both experimental theoretical real problems engineering technology outward-looking studied effective combination range subjects developments physics chemistry take place alongside manufacturing processes design domain scientist manipulating atomic scale branch study opened nanotechnology this revealing more secrets about structure matter allowing major advances made electronics computing medicine modern look like counterparts years fact greatly modified often provide vastly superior properties strength toughness wear corrosion resistance equally completely nanotubes also have many exciting applications least quantum scope truly vast covering almost scientist essential country desires foster industries forefront fascinating degree course career from department oxford university download audio version ipod mobile phone right-click icon select save target content unit will learn behaviour variety elastic plastic stress strain stored introductory powerpoint presentation must view just click picture matweb online searchable resource packed details modern click directly elasticity hooke's hookes intermolecular forces bubble raft models elastic young's youngs modulus modulus measuring young structure solids stress rubber mole avogadro constant ductile brittle resources notes answers polarization test yourself questions \",\" background unit absolute space time isaac newton viewed space time separate entities absolute independent position motion this view contradicted einstein's einsteins special theory relativity newtonian dynamics allows make satisfactory calculations about everything from racing cars shuttle following extract newton's newtons most famous book principia 1687 hitherto have laid down definitions such words less known explained sense which would them understood discourse define place being well only must observe that vulgar conceive those quantities under other notions relation they bear sensible objects thence arise certain prejudices removing will convenient distinguish into relative true apparent mathematical common itself nature flows equably without regard anything external another name called duration [absolute contrasted with] [which] some whether accurate unequable measure means commonly used instead hour month year remains always similar immovable relative movable dimension spaces senses determine bodies vulgarly taken subterranean aerial celestial determined respect earth same figure magnitude remain numerically instance moves relatively part passes absolutely perpetually mutable place body takes according either situation surface places equal solids their [boundaries] reason dissimilar figures often unequal positions properly quantity much themselves properties whole thing with motions parts translation translations therefore internal thus ship sail possesses cavity fills together rest continuance real contains moved wherefore really rests move velocity also partly these where truly toward east 10010 while fresh gale full sails carried towards west expressed sailor walks said then 10001 astronomy distinguished equation correlation natural days though considered astronomers correct this inequality more deducing there equable whereby accurately measured accelerated retarded progress liable change perseverance existence things swift slow none ought what only measures thereof collect astronomical necessity determining times phenomenon [shown] experiments pendulum clock eclipses satellites jupiter order immutable placed succession essence primary should moveable absurd these because cannot seen stead positions distances estimate considering transferred others ones inconvenience affairs philosophical disquisitions abstract consider distinct referred property retain given wholes partake therefore surrounding within near akin preceding whatever therein along partakes upon account than entire every composed first until come before-mentioned example otherwise before refer infinity upon ever unmoved thereby constitute effects forces receding axis circular purely greater there revolving corresponding power endeavouring recede proper adequate effect innumerable various relations bears like altogether destitute system suppose heavens below sphere fixed stars carry planets several indeed never happens endeavour matter great difficulty discover effectually particular performed observation desperate arguments guide differences causes globes kept distance cord connects were revolved centre gravity might tension compute impressed once alternate faces augment diminish increase decrease infer increment decrement found augmented hindermost follow consequently opposite precede likewise know determination thus find both even immense vacuum nothing could compared remote regions among belong observed very required conclude lastly vice versa knowledge shall large tract adapted scholium written download audio version your ipod mobile phone right-click icon select save target content unit learn scalar vector moment force kinematics laws linear momentum conservation idea pressure gravitational field strength energy conversion work potential kinetic resources notes introductory powerpoint presentation computer just click picture laws motion watch nasa movie actors playing wright brothers apply performance aircraft vectors scalars vector addition equilibrium moments turning moments examples equilibrium kinematics speed acceleration velocity-time graphs terminal instantaneous average values equations proofs suvat equations projectiles horizontal projection vertical projection angle first second third applications rocketry momentum impulse conservation collisions rockets pressure liquids between gravitational fields centre work energy power sources kinetic projectile worked answers explosions test yourself questions \",\" background unit galvani's galvanis frogs' frogs legs italian anatomist physician luigi galvani first investigate experimentally phenomenon what came named bioelectrogenesis series experiments started around 1780 working university bologna found that electric current delivered leyden rotating static electricity generator would cause contraction muscles frog many other animals either applying charge muscle nerve strange case this twitching happened even when legs were direct circuit with machine placed lower section dissected table near plate-type electrical then things occurred simultaneously causing stop wonder assistant drawing spark from brass conductor knife held hand touched sciatic passing through part spine into frog's frogs there immediate twitch kick severe cramp wrote while those assisting lightly chance point scalpel internal nerves suddenly limbs seen contracted they seemed have fallen tonic convulsions volta's voltas piles when animal published 1791 physicist count alessandro volta began theorize tissue necessary conduction proof theory battery which invented 1800 built pile metal disks kinds separated cardboard soaked acid salt solutions this basis modern wet-cell batteries tremendously important scientific discovery because method generation sustained different piles using thirty forty sixty elements enabled study action fluid depending number confirmed shock increased intensity used more than twenty became painful constructed comprised alternating zinc copper discs each neighbour piece cloth card dampened solution column supported three vertical glass rods resources notes power introductory powerpoint presentation must your computer view download just click picture current electricity electric charge potential difference electrical electron flow kirchoff's kirchoffs laws divider resistance networks resistivity series parallel circuits resistors parallel characteristic curves wheatstone bridge internal content unit will learn about currents electromotive force idea potential difference resistance resistivity conservation energy basic answers dividers ohm's ohms test yourself questions audio version ipod mobile phone right-click icon select save target \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about uniform circular motion centripetal forces moments inertia kinematics rotation kepler's keplers laws planetary newton's newtons universal gravitation gravitational field around point mass potential energy notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" background unit 1581 galileo galilei observed that pendulum given length seemed move through oscillation fixed period time many years later asked build clock regulator improve accuracy operated falling weight christiaan huygens 1656 made practical simple does swing with exactly same modified solve this problem around robert hooke experimenting springs discoveries clocks powered instead weights making portable first eighteenth century ticked seconds were commonly available mechanical became more reliable precise these have limits following second world scientists began turn other means measure today's todays atomic caesium atoms frequency define second accurate timekeeping essential ship locate position navy example which actually knew where would huge advantage over enemies 1714 parliament offered reward anyone could find longitude many leading worked competition prize achievement accomplished self-taught watchmaker john harrison marine chronometer tested voyage west indies passed flying colours unfortunately board longitude included number still hoped money themselves they gave half after four then stalled again another seven they probably even longer king george intervened harrison's harrisons behalf [adapted from timetables science story told film physics movie club presentations] content unit will learn about harmonic motion energy oscillators forced oscillations resonance damping notes questions resources coming 2010 download audio version your ipod mobile phone right-click icon select save target \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about concept electric field uniform fields capacitance potential around point charge notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about concept magnetic field force current-carrying wire moving charge electromagnetic induction hall effect notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about einstein's einsteins special principle relativity time dilation notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about specific heat capacity latent absolute scale temperature equation state ideal gases kinetic theory energy molecule first thermodynamics concept entropy disorder second arrow time notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about equations governing radioactive decay mass excess nuclear binding energy phenomenon antimatter standard model particle physics notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" background unit copenhagen interpretation status physics january 1900 atomic hypothesis widely universally accepted atoms were considered point particles wasn't wasnt clear atoms different elements differed electron just been discovered 1897 where even whether electrons located within important outstanding problem concerned colours emitted discharge tube familiar today light from fluorescent neon sign could understand glowed another amount heat required change temperature diatomic such oxygen measured amounts well below value predicted theory because quantum mechanics when applied phenomena might guess that investigations into questions like these would give rise discovery instead came study radiation heat know coals campfire coils electric stove glow even hotter objects white when still they blue this should adjusted make flame indeed room also radiate emit infrared which detectable military developed night warfare special sights convert optical these observations explained qualitatively thinking vibration jelly smaller scale can't cant vibrations higher temperatures vibrate both farther faster increased distance accounts brighter bodies while speed colour year several scientists trying turn detailed explanation quantitatively accurate formula function october berliner planck aged announced matched experimental results perfectly happened worked find through late autumn finally able derive assuming take possible energy only certain allowed values this result december date birthday time found particularly significant contemporary reports because assumption raises obvious bothered follow example does atom another intermediate energies prohibited? again vibrating assume then there must restrictions positions speeds have what they? never tried thirty-one years after wrote characterize whole procedure desperation since nature peaceable opposed doubtful adventures however already fought 1894 with equilibrium between matter without arriving successful aware fundamental importance knew describing distribution hence theoretical interpretation price however high what said beautiful romantic story good thirty-year hindsight here wonderful related werner heisenberg period most intensive work during summer [planck] convinced himself escaping conclusion energies] told planck's plancks father spoke about ideas long walk grunewald wood suburbs berlin felt possibly made first rank comparable perhaps discoveries newton much true took place fall indeed afternoon probably remember nasty cold caught better than remarks although world storm develop growing following more situations resulting called same type classical assumed hold additional physical quantity projection magnetic arrow quantized trick seemed right quantization rules situation under general 1905 albert einstein postulated total beam just later used explain puzzle gases five 1911 arnold sommerfeld munich began working implications position ernest rutherford zealander doing experiments manchester england nucleus relatively stage development physicists correct picture 1913 niels bohr dane recently rutherford's rutherfords laboratory introduced hydrogen remarkably explaining glowing sparked enormous interest developing extending hindered halted completely start first world 1914 during 1915 william wilson native cumberland king's kings college london progress continued direction with coming armistice 1918 expanded rapidly many theories suggested many performed cite 1922 otto stern graduate student walther gerlach ages their experiment essential book presents jagdish mehra helmut rechenberg monumental history describe juncture 1923 looked forward enthusiasm towards solutions problems helium anomalous zeeman effects less investigation revealed almost complete failure bohr's bohrs matrix formulation encountered recipes mostly institute theoretical physics university göttingen northern germany actors born established professor freshly minted according part attempts distil unknown guessing formulas brought considerable perfection interested methods making guesses systematic tables quantities interpreted mathematical matrices fifty mathematics taught schools 1925 advanced abstract technique struggled short june spring suffered allergy attack severe hardly asked research director vacation spent rocky north island heligoland stay rented admire view condition improved walks swim further improvement read goethe nothing distract concentrated intensely faced reproduced earlier cleaning simplifying worried scheme invented prove inconsistent particular violate principle conservation heisenberg's heisenbergs words evening reached ready determine individual terms table extremely clumsy series calculations accord became rather excited countless arithmetical errors three o'clock oclock morning before final computations held longer doubt consistency coherence kind pointed deeply alarmed feeling surface looking strangely interior giddy thought probe wealth structures generously spread sleep dawned southern longing climb rock jutting trouble waited pascal jordan consistent entered collaboration overheard discussing colleague train presented intrinsically master mathematicians difficult until keeping wolfgang pauli apprised friend days studied together tastes göttingen's göttingens deluge formal learning stand pauli's paulis biting criticism respect your last letters preach sermon pardon proceeding bavarian really pigsty cannot stop indulging slanging match your eternal reviling shrieking scandal will allow case seeking ruin malicious intent reproach donkeys produced anything equally jackass accomplished either dots denote curse two-minute duration think badly greetings wavefunction while going helgoland others busy louis broglie associated internal periodic phenomenon wave particle very precise meant sometimes prince family descended french nobility strictly eldest brother claim title fell erwin schr ldinger austrian zürich build vague idea christmas season alpine resort arosa switzerland company girlfriend [from] vienna wife stayed home twenty-five glimpsed sight competing versions utterly acrimonious debate over footnote 1926 paper schrödinger claimed discouraged repelled meanwhile detestable writes visualization makes scarcely sense other shit greatest calculation fortunately soon stilled independently carl eckert caltech proved although superficial appearance equivalent each [very process adding arabic numerals quite roman processes nevertheless always published applications formulations hand grew explosively molecules solids solved ease defeated resolved concerning structure stars superconductors properties magnets contributor dirac extended relativistic field-theoretic linus pauling 1931 mechanical chemical bonding previously understood empirical grounds being impossible mention them strange though tremendously bohr-einstein extraordinary success applications overwhelm everyone number including prominently remained unhappy standard probabilistic letter famous statement quantum impressive inner voice tells real thing produces deal brings closer secret events play dice concrete einstein's einsteins death issue occasional critiques undertook reply exchange memorable fifth solvay congress 1927 objection similar quoted above replied pointing great caution ancient thinkers ascribing attributes providence every-day language statements often paraphrased universe stop telling behave actual dramatic quick paraphrase rejoinder severely exasperated benefit forcing creators sharpen reasoning face consequences starkly non-intuitive disastrous consequence phrased objections purely classical compelled nearly giving impression somehow puts limits those convince misconception reason measure simultaneously exact defect measuring instruments exist simply character harder edition marble underlying poisoned understanding hope avoid least salutary product 1935 boris podolsky nathan rosen odds common measurement location reveal instantly information second away reasonable definition reality expected permit recondite response forgotten justifiably foundations vanish entirely eventually raised john bell 1964 einstein-podolsky-rosen produce theorem distant measurements deterministic 1982 alain aspect collaborators bell's bells test manner counterintuitive amplitude version neither approach outlook fundamentally mentioned histories paths path integral lagrangian method action richard feynman 1941 princeton described nobel lecture went beer party nassau tavern there gentleman newly arrived europe herbert jehle next europeans serious america discuss intellectual matters drinking then realized wanted struggling turned listen starting comes mechanics? show tomorrow next library little rooms side things showed dirac's diracs physikalische zeitschrift sowjetunion tool governs quantal system analogous professor mean analogous? that? americans want everything equal doesn't doesnt well let's lets happens taking simplest constant proportionality suitably substituted calculated taylor-series expansion equation proportional jehle's jehles eyes bugging taken notebook copying down blackboard feynman's feynmans thesis advisor archibald wheeler impressed believed mathematically natural previous chance convincing mechanics's mechanicss determined critic visiting resist express probability dynamical specified configuration treats footing absolute equality every conceivable leads initial state crazy motion contributions differ phase prescription reproduces ever simpler doesn't doesnt marvelous willing accept einstein? believe plays maybe smiled earned mistakes thanks oberlin department content unit learn line spectra levels potential standing waves interpretations double-slit paradox schrödinger's schrödingers uncertainty principle notes resources 2010 nature reality introductory powerpoint presentation computer download click conference official galaxy attended brussels resources audio ipod mobile phone right-click icon select save target \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material content this unit will learn about standard candles stellar radii hubble's hubbles bang theory calculating universe heisenberg uncertainty principle notes questions other resources coming 2010 \",\" cambridge pre-u part topics studied lower sixth mainly upper sixth some units include material \",\" university courses physics thinking studying university just interested seeing courses offer list opposite shows large selection those provided universities link each case takes university's universitys website following correct september 2008 will updated regularly find error discontinued course please email details aberdeen physical science with french spanish geology chemistry philosophy natural education wales aberystwyth planetary space business studies german robotics bath computing mathematics birmingham astrophysics research theoretical particle cosmology management international study nanotechnology applied bristol chemical continental europe year industry cambridge sciences cardiff medical astronomy music mathematic computational central lancashire choice over subjects dundee microelectronics electronic engineering durham e-science edinburgh mathematical computer meteorology geophysics exeter north american applications quantum laser technology lasers european professional experience australian zealand glasgow certain arts heriot-watt environmental nano-science photonics energy hertfordshire scientific hull keele biochemistry biology information systems medicinal neuroscience range kent year forensic foundation lancaster america leeds industrial leicester nanoscience integrated liverpool john moores combined honours ocean climate imperial college london musical performance queen mary nanoscience king's kings abroad royal holloway informatics communication loughborough sports networks manchester technological nottingham molecular language trent degree cosmological oxford paisley multimedia andrews internet logic salford pure acoustics additional aviation pilot sheffield australasia enterprise leading degree southampton strathclyde optoelectronics biophysics visual simulation teaching finance surrey nuclear satellite sussex swansea particle 4-year teesside investigation crime scene warwick york back \",\" physics library students welcome borrow books from that keep them maximum weeks will find library robert hooke laboratory should signed prep room reserve using contact page collect next time macfarlane building opposite list most recent acquisitions there book which think know recent acquisitions magazine every month following magazines bought •focus •sky night •scientific american •popular science •discover others such scientist alien worlds astronomy occasionally racks entrance foyer michael faraday there need sign these please longer than week quantum enigma theory defies common sense this groundbreaking authors show effects being observed larger objects mind matter same bruce rosenblum fred kuttner oxford university press don't dont this home physicists experiment their what happens works? they undo thought-provoking film about consequences might possible adam weiner kaplan harry potter features potter's potters world although understandable still remain magical when takes scientific view invisibility cloaks clever stealth technology only developed muggles broomsticks could switch gravity while bott's botts beans exploit understanding senses taste smell roger highfield headline cannot hurt simple language brilliant marcus chown explains exhilarating ideas quantum theory general relativity no-one considers himself educated without both faber four laws drive universe among many laws science lurks mighty handful four direct constrain everything peter atkins void take away earth moon stars material remains? concept alarmed fascinated human beings dawn frank close surely you're youre joking feynman types genius ordinary geniuses great things leave room believe worked hard enough then magicians have idea magician review describes richard feynman's feynmans life words truly fascinating learn adventures scientist experienced played carnival cracked number secret safes even used attract opposite soon began reading back down every draw diagram smile myself vintage isaac newton last sorcerer according influential people history ranks claimed more other newton's newtons image been protected disciples generations biographers white fourth estate electrodynamics pinnacles humanity's humanitys achievements looking work universal scope creation spirit nothing rival independent penguin easy pieces classic essential introduction greatest teachers icons with guide can't cant help wondering everyone turning guardian cathedral splitting atom performed shabby cambridge april 1932 triumph ingenuity over adversity john cockcroft ernest walton under stern gaze brilliantly eccentric zealander lord rutherford cobbled together handmade recycled components rivals state-of-the-art equipment make breakthroughs experimental physics turn century enabled scientists understand workings well written provides anecdotes experiments particularly interested cavendish having read intend visit complements search schrodinger's schrodingers describing theoretical brian cathcart time user's users guide lives ruled minutes hours race thing believing some level mysterious cosmic force called ticking it's always short supply back does mc2? answering question book's title tying cutting edge 21st much more besides first give real revelation equation emerges seemingly unrelated concepts space second they're theyre afraid questions often asked jeff foreshaw capo does very good establishing classical 19th century seen completed except minor details needed tidying consensus really fundamental left discover kumar explores certainty done dusted came unravel counter intuitive accepted manjit icon books nothing very short introduction what 'nothing'? nothing? remains away? empty void exist? elusive aristotle insisted vacuum impossible theories einstein latest discoveries tell extraordinary cosmos strangest dirac founders profound original minds twentieth says also strange austere personal relations sometimes point perversity unable communicate either emotionally verbally with close friends graham farmelo introducing graphic step-by-step tour figures including planck bohr heisenberg schrodinger each contributed least crucial mcevoy need talk kelvin look around reflection your face window tells universe orchestrated chance iron spot blood finger somewhere furnace temperature billion degrees your beginning fact existence merely among infinity others stacked like pages never-ending confronts reality recalls nonscientific readers mechanics main points interpretation einsteins objections responses engendered arguments most popular discussions aspects ignore correct insistence directly describe reality while remove theory's theorys counterintuitive casts different light world scientific publishing knew everything given thomas young all-round examination richly deserves until celebrated biographer andrew robinson rich engrossing story modest hero solved mystery after ridicule rejection cared less thought joys unbridled pursuit knowledge oneworld \",\" antimatter often thought stuff science fiction spaceships future have antimatter drives very real every back 1928 english physicist paul dirac created equation which showed that electrons could negative well positive energy such anti-electrons would same mass ordinary opposite charge instead suggested such particles might actually exist particle physicists began search them four years later carl anderson examining tracks cosmic cloud chamber found track with electron discovered anti-electron positron nobel prize work matter come into contact they annihilate each other turning themselves flash pure used hospitals when patient scan injected radioactive isotope emits positrons this carried bloodstream brain produced form gamma rays detectors around patient's patients head pick these image built higgs boson relativity maxwell's maxwells equations olbers' olbers paraox superconductors copenhagen interpretation hubble's hubbles schrödinger's schrödingers quantum entanglement chaos theory black holes does anything mass? block lead heavy because contains atoms why? proton more massive than electron? while walking through scottish highlands 1964 peter developed what called idea said seem slowed down result travelling force field particles interact strongly known field interaction takes place exchange bosons large hadron collider world's worlds biggest accelerator switched august 2008 aims discover really newton's newtons laws motion describe most objects move cricket balls cars planets albert einstein 1905 when fast approach speed light increase shrink length slowly universal limit this spacetime fabric universe distorts once recognised space time separate entities newton part clear must affect slowing faster sounds like 1971 four identical atomic clocks were sent scheduled flights twice world flew east west comparing their times fifth clock kept ground lost fraction second compared grounded another experiment involving subatomic muons lifetimes extended enormously high speeds muons upper atmosphere collisions between these close well-defined lifetime half-life should allow travel only relatively short distance towards earth's earths surface before decay again again large numbers reached easily why? because from point view aging much from muon's seems passes rate shrinks reach theories relativity special describes moving constant velocities general about accelerating equations derived nineteenth century james clerk maxwell described important advance physics since theory gravitation they formed foundations twentieth incorporated behaviour electromagnetic waves including fields create realised wave forms universal first shape strength electric charged object magnetic magnet third changing currents produce fourth tells fundamental forces nature radiation radio television microwaves x-rays crucial chemistry holds molecules together everyday lives touch someone exerting famous appear t-shirts paradox infinitely been forever then there star direction hard grasp remember infinite means endless number monkeys keyboards type works shakespeare night bright isn't isnt mainly black points look seeing whole history deeper further fact almost entirely johannes kepler noticed 17th german astronomer heinrich formulated 1823 oldest stars observe telescopes billion much young using telescope machine however limitations less opaque powerful able penetrate barrier physicists bigger accelerators seconds after bang temperatures just degrees above absolute zero some metals alloys conduct electricity without resistance currents made flow conditions keep going billions losing laboratory maintained many conductors make current lose colliding vibrating metal cooled vibration decreases until certain critical temperature group pairs cooper behave photons pushed along wave-like ripple slight today superconductors electromagnets scanners need ultra-low currently superconducting -130 celsius meissner effect floating superconductor liquid nitrogen flows repelling mechanics description physical therefore biology right answers still prompted danish theoretical neils bohr remark anyone shocked understood 1927 erwin schrödinger argued quantum terms physics summed wave equation others clustered werner heisenberg believed behaved according heisenberg's heisenbergs uncertainty principle department university attempted pull experimental results unified thing objective measurement observation system decides will within probabilities given situation decided collapses everything except observed outcome stand god-like outside objectively happens inside fanciful don't dont strange people rugby balls? reduces familiar ultimately bohr's bohrs simply microscopic things explanation macroscopic classical orthodox position hardly satisfactory interpretations ghirardi rimini weber says functions describing randomly collapse atom's function maybe once hundred million seen normal course where atom linked others trigger state there ball even one's ones collapsed trillionth thus located unlike example existence observing creates confused? read helps mechanics confused didn't didnt tested nothing ever predicted wrong edwin hubble galaxies milky away taking measurements brightnesses measuring amount wavelengths galaxy stretched here so-called shift calculate rushing plotting graph recession against straight line origin words proportional receding gradient constant discovery evidence expanding graphs also estimate size 1026 metres across feline possible exceptions jerry certainly like fred hoyle's hoyles invention name term ridicule accept namely appearance invented illustrate absurdity isolated experiments scale photon triggers detector know until everywhere absurd since large-scale apply states enter imagined shut steel also device cannot tamper containing tiny piece geiger counter long hour equally likely none happen triggered produces activates relay releases hammer smashes flask cyanide killed after opened chance finding alive dead according neither both exists possibilities opening whether convinced today dismiss shows exactly behaves generally proposed travels normally associate usually identify carriers consequences exert exchanging bosons some virtual responsible w-particles weak nuclear causes beta none suddenly disappeared gravity holding earth orbit minutes acted understand order appreciate weirdness entanglement property spin spinning related angular momentum different different amounts electrons instance minimum types call clockwise anticlockwise spin conserved quantity total change imagine process conserve calls superposition remember next suppose boxes moved apart sides necessary electron's instant conservation violated side instantly caused signal cross require action spooky demonstrated experimentally having interacted somehow entangled necessarily cause christopher monroe whose major toward long-sought goal super-fast computing beating heart muscle tissue contracts relaxes repetitive periodic electrical signals coordinated three-dimensional structure arrive cell attack victims breaks heart's hearts writhes uncoordinated worms gone chaotic chaos stable stop shock hope starts pumping regularly lies recovering hospital london aware storm causing rain lash window room fluttering wings butterfly trees beijing heard butterfly link suffered worse spend enforced rest reading synonymous edward lorenz american mathematician meteorologist early computer forecast weather typed initial expecting what wildly reason rounded figures slightly numbers originally decimal places three small seemingly insignificant enormous just flapping over city changes storms continent study systems begin earnest development computers seventies involves mathematicians chemists biologists global alongside greatest scientific chaotic turns widespread affects orbits neptune twelve satellites following year moons unstable constantly lorentz attractor diagram shown displacement never follows path picture holes aren't arent everyone references pepper novels attract attention referred thrown reaches height falls pulled rise higher throw escapes altogether indeed escape kilometres greater gravitational stronger remains cases hole centre suns squashed diameter rocket else upwards enough completely 1970s stephen hawking particle-antiparticle near edge while though radiation detected interview? particular parts especially grab your interest? below dozen ideas discoveries last click roll mouse pictures larger versions back \",\" this page find galleries photographs images short movie clips illustrate some ideas talk about your physics courses which could include projects prep assignments  you also hear great physicists past today click here video animation back flash image galleries anaglyph pictures large hadron collider positron emission photography scanning superposition interference circular motion particle speed telescopes solar system satellites just click thumbnails below taken gallery require video animation minute tour cern works elementary dear albert icons water waves ripple tank microwaves production standing wave addition sinusoidal slinky spring search higgs boson forces nature building blocks matter light invention telescope part stephen hawking universe richard feynman light einstein explains e=mc2 audio only robert oppenheimer after creating atomic bomb roger penrose cyclical 1927 solvay conference heisenberg dirac bohr khalili quantum brian paul davies time travel michio kaku alan guth universal inflation rutherford's rutherfords discovery nucleus sheldon glashow unified forces nature jacob bronowski science famous physicists talking range alpha particles beta gamma rays detecting ionization with gold leaf electroscope penetrating powers radiation experiment show decay protactinium using diffusion cloud chamber spark counter radioactivity experiments videos copyright institute reversing back bang prominences colliding galaxies simulation cosmology inside international space station galaxy ngc1672 close look rotation saturn formation milky computer \",\" will need glasses with green lenses view these images don't dont have borrow some from physics department back flash gallery full gallery take time load especially viewing home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous slide show clicking play \",\" physics movie club this page read short synopsis season's seasons films view some movie stills watch cinema trailers threads this story nuclear begins nearly three months before attack which happens thursday though year unspecified families' families reactions kemps becketts first fighting erupts escalates then places itself footing eventually strategic bombing commences follow family members they face medical economic social environmental consequences back plane sight were america world shown video photographs pentagon outer wall collapsed before hole building only feet diameter could really have been made fully laden airliner completely disappeared impact? judge click here trailer dish could huge satellite dish australian outback given tracking apollo headed into space make landing moon then power went hilarious true what nasa never knew primer physicists experiment time their works? undo thought-provoking film about might possible october based extraordinary high school student homer hickam friends inspired launch sputnik build their rocket overcoming poor education tough father turns dreams reality incredible hope determination triumph beautiful mind oscar-winning life nobel prize-winning mathematician john nash there fine line between genius madness hawking asked where stars came from stephen promising young physics cambridge with particular direction diagnosed motor neurone disease more than years live enigma march 1943 scientists mathematicians bletchley park britain's britains secret wartime intelligence station facing worst nightmare save passengers vital supplies aboard north atlantic convoy must break nazis' nazis code there longitude sight land mariners reliable telling exact position ocean 1714 parliament offered prize anyone accurately measure longitude harrison's harrisons forty struggle contact jodie foster astronomer ellie arroway matthew ncconaughey religious scholar they opposite ends spectrum until drawn together when earth makes contact right stuff middle 20th century pondered future looked skies tale that began follows seven pioneering astronauts became project mercury team manhattan racing against nazi machine intense military pressure group robert oppenheimer challenge creating ultimate weapon atomic bomb \",\" threads \",\" plane sight \",\" dish \",\" primer \",\" october \",\" beautiful mind \",\" hawking \",\" longitude \",\" enigma \",\" contact \",\" right stuff \",\" \",\" data tables click buttons below unit require general fundamental constants electrical optical thermal densities common materials friction viscosity astronomical galactic solar system outer planetary inner planets periodic table elements high resolution image refractive indices this page contains links tables data that find useful when writing your experiments answering prep questions simply doing research opposite \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play principle scanning positron-emitting nuclides \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back flash gallery full gallery take some time load especially viewing from home loading much faster school's schools intranet site clicking thumbnail brings that picture arrow control selects next previous view slide show clicking play \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" back \",\" a-level this page contains resources lower sixth students these include revision cards past exam papers marking schemes prep sheets quick tests other useful materials links past exam papers click open versions paper paper sections marking scheme june 2008 from previous syllabus questions good practice exams section 2007 momentum answers simple harmonic motion motion capacitors charge discharge circular introduction gravitation gravitational fields electric charges forces electromagnetism currents magnetic electromagnetic induction test yourself questions ideal laws answers specific latent heat nuclear physics atom binding energy fission fusion half life radioactivity radioactive decay photoelectric effect quanta quantum theory waves particles electrons levels duality electron beams transitions millikan's millikans experiment polarization speed light theories relativity accelerators practical sheets guide during your practical investigation circuses consult them screen print version have forgotten original sheet measuring capacitor analysing charging constant current deflecting electron beams with electric field magnetic force current-carrying wire along axis solenoid investigating transformers potential differences between concentric conductors finding speed sound free using standing waves column wavelength laser light diffraction through single slit back course notes below copies notes major topics year these online reference cover important work mathematical description simple harmonic phenomenon resonance learn able equations displacement velocity acceleration kinetic energy sketch graphs show quantities vary know define image file need adobe reader view this make sure know meaning capacitance what goes circuit charged discharged that exponential decay should also equation definition time explain provides centripetal variety examples circular formula objects executing still accelerating universal gravitation says every point mass attracts pointing line intersecting both points proportional product masses inversely square distance forces wires coils fields deflection into paths flux density there separate turning points module option examined alongside compulsory instability includes wave-particle special discovery microscopes diffraction above individual pages note booklet each opens separately wish must \",\" igcse audio revision notes ipod download version electricity electromagnetism your right click icon select save listen left audio player page measurement \",\" igcse audio this page contains audio resources international gcse students electricity electromagnetism \",\" igcse audio this page contains audio resources international gcse students measurement \",\" igcse audio this page contains audio resources international gcse students forces pressure \",\" igcse audio this page contains audio resources international gcse students forces energy \",\" igcse audio this page contains audio resources international gcse students forces motion \",\" fast links famous physicists can't cant face those names hear mentioned passing your physics teacher? this page where learn little about some most famous physicists today past what they look like favourite physicist here? would picture without photo? know name contact selection greatest cosmologists astronomers yesterday ampere andre marie 1775-1836 gave unit electric current worked magnetic effect theory refraction light french scientist born polémieux near lyon professor mathematics paris proposed force between currents known ampere's amperes first person develop ways measuring using sensitive galvanometer anderson carl david 1905-1991 american discovered positron 1932 anti matter general awarded nobel prize this 1936 muon 1935 archimedes syracuse 287-212 greek mathematician best studies statics hydrodynamics principle archimedian screw raising water killed siege aristotle 384-322 logician disciple plato four element earth fire even added fifth ether earth centred idea solar system projectile paths body could only move direction time things went straight line angle reached their path then fell down ground believed that continual needed keep object moving becquerel antoine henri 1852-1909 investigated fluorescence crystals produced rays early work radioactivity prize 1903 discovering study phosphorescence bernoulli daniel 1700-1782 swiss explained much fluid flow basic ideas kinetic gases 1738 bohr niels 1885-1962 theory atom energy level structure awarded 1922 explained process nuclear fission boltzmann ludwig 1844-1906 austrian developed statistical mechanics applied thermodynamics boltzmann's boltzmanns constant distribution molecular speeds boyle robert 1627-1691 irish philosopher proved weight behaviour boyle's boyles published 1663 cavendish henry 1731-1810 british chemist identified hydrogen 1776 used torsion balance make measurement universal constant gravitation laboratory done shed clapham common outskirts london experimental proof inverse square electrostatics 1772 celsius anders 1701-1744 swedish astronomer proposed scale temperature 1742 chadwick james 1891-1974 neutron which charles jacques alexandre cesar 1746-1823 named after expansion charles' copernicus nicholas 1473-1543 born torun poland latin form geocentric 1514 'published' small hand written book gave friends following there centre universe earth's earths distance from imperceptible compared with stars rotation accounts apparent daily annual cycle movements caused revolving round retrograde motion planets observes coulomb augustin 1736-1806 angouleme france accurate forces charges also worked fields gives joseph priestley 1766 invented crookes william 1832-1919 electron discharge properties cathode curie 1867-1934 radioactivity chemistry 1911 radium polonium isolating pierre 1859-1906 broglie louis victor 1892-1987 equation wavelength particle wave nature electrons 1923 1929 dirac paul adrien maurice 1902-1984 bristol england 1933 1925 relativistic quantum 1927 quantum electrodynamics predicted existence antiparticles einstein albert 1879-1955 german-swiss physicist later naturalised theories special general relativity photoelectric based 1905 1921 stimulated emission development laser forty years later empedocles 495-435 optical tentacles vision composed four elements faraday michael 1791-1867 electromagnetic induction faraday's faradays laws electrochemistry motor dynamo refused knighthood also presidency royal society laws electrolysis idea lines first observe plane polarisation field fermi enrico 1901-1954 atomic pile squash court chicago 1942 controlled chain reaction 1938 radioactive slow neutrons galileo1564-1642 professor military engineering university padua discovered moons jupiter sunspots phases venus craters moon credited being telescope astronomy constancy period pendulum gamow george 1904-1968 realised cosmic background radiation provided experimental evidence bang geiger hans wilhelm 1882- 1945 german work tube detecting gell-mann murray 1929- theoretical originator quark hypothesis 1969 classification interaction sub-atomic particles halley edmund 1656-1742 astronomer identified halley's halleys comet 1705 great friend newton hawking stephen 1942- mathematician astrophysicist lucasian mathematics cambridge chair once held isaac black holes emit radiation heisenberg werner karl 1901-1976 uncertainty hertz heinrich rudolf 1857-1894 properties 1887 demonstration wireless waves 1888 bonn thirty hooke 1635-1703 elasticity hooke's hookes 1600 1676 conical pump provided experiments closely fell into acrimonious dispute hubble edwin 1889-1953 huygens christiaan 1629-1695 dutch wave made lenses fitted them twelve foot long using instrument rings saturn published mathematical 'traite traite lumiere' lumiere 1690 included formula centripetal moment inertia impact collision 1673 dedicated major clock king joule prescott 1818-1889 founders energy conversion paddle wheel experiment initially interested efficiency motors manchester wealthy brewing family kapitza pyotr leonidovich 1894- 1984 russian temperatures especially superfluidity liquid helium kepler johannes 1571- 1630 pupil tycho kepler's keplers three planetary poor peasants difficult hard life thought were orbit kirchoff gustav 1824-1887 electrical conduction networks absorption rubidium caesium 1861 fraunhofer spectrum lenz friedrich emil 1804-1864 electromagnetic induced 1834 studied geophysics leonardo vinci 1452-1519 artist inventor helicopter realise moonlight reflected principles simple machines pulleys levers balances believer impetus studied ballistics mach ernst 1838-1916 sources faster than speed maskelyne nevil 1732-1811 1765-1811 measurement schiehallion mountain perthshire observed transit helena maxwell clerk 1831-1879 scotland treatise electricity magnetism 1873 rivals newton's newtons principia mechanics devised formulae maxwell's maxwells equations predicted consisted meintner lise 1878-1968 protoactinium 1918 liquid drop nucleus fission bombardment 1934 michelson abraham 1852-1931 emigrated when measured diameter interferometer michelson-morley disproves gained 1907 millikan andrews 1868-1953 charge electron study 1914 earned morley edward williams 1838-1923 disprove moseley gwyn jeffreys 1887-1915 spectra world 1642-1727 english author 1687 optiks 1704 optics visible particle differential integral calculus devised analysed problem dispersion reflecting 1698 became master mint oersted christian 1757-1851 danish deflection compass needle produces simon 1787-1854 ohm's ohms equation resistance olbers 1758-1840 physician paradox second third asteroids method calculating orbits comets 1797 1815 oppenheimer 1904-1967 leader manhattan project developed bomb alamos alamagordo desert mexico penzias arno wilson 1965 microwave 1978 perrin jean-baptiste 1870-1942 1926 brownian size atoms planck 1858-1947 particular distribution emitted planck's plancks 1900 erwin executed plotting assassinate hitler 427-347 ptolemy 070-147 returned modified introducing epicycle help explain backward seen said moved around circles themselves roentgen konrad 1845-1923 würzburg 1895 gaining 1901 rutherford ernest 1871-1937 zealand disintegration soddy 1908 alpha called scattering 1919 achieved artificial sagan 1934-1996 search extraterrestrial intelligence popularise astronomy cosmology schrödinger 1887-1961 describe states within received snell willebrod 1591-1626 snell's snells 1621 publish until 1703 1613 succeeded father leiden triangulation distances frederick 1877-1956 sommerfeld arnold 1868-1951 elliptical helped stefan josef 1835-1893 slovenian stefan-boltzmann thomson 1856-1940 deflection measure lord kelvin 1824-1907 oscillations circuit foundation quadrant electrometer brahe 1546-1601 nobleman influence king have observatory built 1576 island uraniborg real scientific institution modern world measured positions over twenty nova cassiopeia 1572 1577 graaff jemison 1901-1967 invented generator volta count alessandro 1745-1827 como italy voltaic forerunner battery 1800 volt braun wernher 1912-1977 rocket 'father' fuel rockets guericke otto 1602-1686 carry magdeburg hemispheres 1657 inventor machine 1660 sulphur globe give sparks rubbed laue 1879-1960 showed diffracted crystal 1912 watt 1736-1819 engineer power wheatstone 1802-1875 bridge comparing resistances discharge conductors telegraph installed commercially 1838 wien 1864-1928 directly rees 1869-1959 cloud chamber young thomas 1773-1829 interference interpretation egyptian hieroglyphics action ciliary muscles phenomenon astigmatism pieter zeeman 1865-1943 netherlands splitting spectral director amsterdam five 1902 meitner georg \",\" back \",\" help with your physics thank question comment answer questions within hours response should sent email address supplied comments read have suggested improvement pointed error things right same period contact information department barnard castle school newgate county durham dl12 telephone 01833 696027 email physics barneyschool science students only myphysics 638985 \",\" summer 2010 international gcse paper alternative practical tuesday hour afternoon multiple choice wednesday minutes extension questions thursday domestic phy3f unit foundation june phy3h higher phy2f re-sits only phy2h phy1f phy1h level phya1 phya phya4 friday morning phya5d option \");");
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Part A topics are mainly studied in the Upper sixth but some Lower Sixth units include Part B material.  Content In this unit, you wi\",\"Background to the Unit     In 1581 Galileo Galilei observed that a pendulum of given length seemed to move through its oscillation in a fixed period of time. many years later, he asked his son to buil\",\"Cambridge Pre-U      Part A topics are studied in the Lower Sixth. Part A topics are mainly studied in the Upper sixth but some Lower Sixth units include Part B material.  Content In this unit, you wi\",\"Cambridge Pre-U      Part A topics are studied in the Lower Sixth. Part A topics are mainly studied in the Upper sixth but some Lower Sixth units include Part B material.  Content In this unit, you wi\",\"Cambridge Pre-U      Part A topics are studied in the Lower Sixth. Part A topics are mainly studied in the Upper sixth but some Lower Sixth units include Part B material.  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These include revision cards, past exam papers, marking schemes, prep sheets, quick tests and other useful materials and lin\",\"IGCSE AUDIO      AUDIO Revision Notes: iPod download version Electricity and Electromagnetism • To download for your iPod, right click on the icon and select save as  AUDIO Revision Notes: listen no\",\"IGCSE AUDIO     This page contains audio resources for International GCSE students. Electricity and Electromagnetism  \",\"IGCSE AUDIO     This page contains audio resources for International GCSE students. Measurement  \",\"IGCSE AUDIO     This page contains audio resources for International GCSE students. Forces and Pressure  \",\"IGCSE AUDIO     This page contains audio resources for International GCSE students. Forces and Energy \",\"IGCSE AUDIO     This page contains audio resources for International GCSE students. Forces and Motion \",\"Fast Links Famous Physicists     Cant put a face to those names you hear mentioned in passing by your Physics teacher? 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